Civil Servants Playing Cowboys and Indians: Absurd Moments in Espionage

Espionage is a dirty business. A dangerous business. A dull business. John le Carre brilliantly captured this in his 1963 novel, The Spy Who Came in From the Cold, as do the following lines from the equally remarkable 1965 screen adaptation. Spies are anything but moral philosophers.

On top of all that, espionage is frequently a spectacularly futile business. You recruit and train a spy, introduce the spy into the right circles, and then, in order to avoid detection and capture, they are hardly ever able to communicate lengthy messages back to the operational centre. If that weren't enough, the intelligence gathered is likely to be under-utilised, or even discarded.[1]

Yes, a damned, depressing business, however, there is a certain aspect of espionage that might be overlooked amidst it all- the absurdly comical. Yes, people really infiltrated Nazi-occupied Europe with evening wear under their wet-suits[2], and the CIA really did build a "cone of silence."[3]

One of the more absurd incidents in espionage history involves a curious mix of the real and the literary.

Though now obscure, William Le Queux almost single-handedly invented the romantic genre of the spy story of which Ian Fleming's James Bond is the ultimate representative. It is hard to imagine Bond without Le Queux's mix of sinister, yet exravagant, physically (or mentally) deformed villains, and outlandish plots.

"The hunchback now turned on me with a snarling expression like a tiger's. 

"Fool," he hissed, "you won't be warned," and, raising his arm, he made a sign with his hand. 

Almost instantly the crowd appeared to rise up en masse and to roll right over us, but as I stumbled backward, headlong from my foothold, I was astonished to see a man, got up to resemble me exactly in every feature, scramble on to my place on the upturned case, and in a voice that seemed my very own, to cry out to the auctioneer: "That, sir, is the most I can do. I now retire." And as a cheer broke out from the crowd he too skipped down instantly out of sight. 

"Ah, this is indeed treachery," I told myself. And, gripping my teeth hard, I let my fists go; next, with a mighty effort, I sprang forward to roll the surging human mob out of my path--to make my voice heard, to regain my old position, to take command of the situation again, for I heard the bids still mounting higher, higher, higher.

 In vain. 

Lord Fotheringay, who, I thought, loved me as a brother, was on me with a bound like a lion's, and catching me by the throat exerted all his force and hurled me backwards. 

 Next second I found myself caught up in other and even stronger arms, and, before I could utter aught save a muffled curse, I was flung head first into an empty piano case, the heavy lid of which was instantly closed on me--but not before I heard the hammer fall and the auctioneer call: "The deeds are Mr Peter Zouche's. The price is eighteen hundred pounds." I had been tricked![4]

Prior to the First World War, Germany had many agents at work in Great Britain.
One day, William Le Queux happened to be at Chatham, where he ran into Gustav Steinhauer, leader of Germany's espionage network in Britain. Years later, Steinhauer described the encounter.

 "One day while down at Chatham having a look at things in general and, as I imagined, effectively disguised with a false beard, who should I run across but William Le Queux, who had more than a nodding acquaintance with most of the spies in Europe. He at once warned the police and I had Melville on my track forthwith."[5]

Steinhauer's exploits, it seems, were later borrowed by Ian Fleming for Auric Goldfinger and his plot to steal the gold from Fort Knox.[6]

Melville was Sir William Melville, also known as "M," the first chief of Britain's MI5. Fleming adopted the initial (and much of Melville's personality) for Bond's chief[7]

So, what we have is the prototype of a character in the James Bond books pursuing the prototype of another character (a grown man wearing a patently false beard no less), after being tipped off by the pioneering author of the genre.

John le Carre (following in the footsteps of Somerset Maugham and Graham Greene) would latter shatter this genre of spy story with books like the aformentioned Spy Who Came in from the Cold, as well as The Looking Glass War, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, and A Perfect Spy, but can the popularity of James Bond be denied? He is likely what immediately, almost subconsciously, comes to mind when the subject of spies is mentioned. After all, there is some truth to this image, too.



[1]For example, Abner Bennigsen AKA Goglidze- the Soviet agent who infiltrated a relatively high-ranking position in the SS- only made direct contact with his operators four or five times during the Second World War, and the valuable Messerschmidt plans that he acquired were completely ignored by the Red Army. http://berkovich-zametki.com/2006/Zametki/Nomer7/Heyfec1.htm

[2]See the excellent summary by Walker Wright of the Peter Tazelaar affair.

[3]"OTS designed a new type of “secure room” that improved the confi dence of the CIA that their operational discussions  were protected from KGB eavesdropping. The special room, including chairs and tables, was constructed entirely of clear plastic to expose any electronic listening devices, or “bugs.” In theory, it was comparable to the fictional “cone of silence” from the 1960s television show Get Smart." Robert Wallace, H. Keith Melton, Henry R. Schlesinger, Spycraft: The Secret History of the CIA's Spytechs, from Communism to Al-Qaeda (Penguin Group Inc.: New York, 2008), 494.

[4]William Le Queux, The Hunchback of Westminster (Methuen & Co.: London, 1904), 17-18. http://archive.org/details/hunchbackofwestm00lequ

[5]Gustav Steinhauer, Steinhauer: The Kaiser's Master Spy (Appleton: New York, 1931), 62. See also Stella Rimington's introduction to the 2007 edition of the Greene brothers' The Spy's Bedside Book. Both it and the book in general are a treasure trove of espionage stories, fictional and real. Selections from Le Queux feature prominently.

[6]Goldfinger, of course, has other, self-evident prototypes (such as the architect Erno Goldfinger), but historian Andrew Cook has made a good case for Steinhauer.

[7]Andrew Cook, M: MI5's First Spymaster (Tempus Publishing: Stroud, 2004). See also http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7163329.stm

Melissa Annetta: Vladimir Nabokov at the Little Cottonwood

I have a delightful Russian-language anthology of Vladimir Nabokov miscellania, which I acquired in Utah, of all places. For me, that makes a fun little Nabokov connection with Utah even funner.

The following is taken entirely from Will South's book, Andy Warhol Slept Here? (there are lots of other fun stories in the book) which Signature Books has generally posted free, in its entirety, on their website.
http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=21175

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Vladimir Nabokov was a twice-exiled writer and scientist; first from his native Russia during the Bolshevik Revolution, then from Paris in advance of the Nazi invasion of Western Europe. He arrived in America in 1940, and over the next two decades established himself as one of the most brilliant authors of the twentieth century.

Nabokov struggled financially in America for years, supporting his wife, his young son, and himself on his wages from teaching Russian literature at Wellesley College and later at Cornell. Then, in 1955, he achieved stunning success, artistically and financially, with the publication of the sumptuous and sinister novel Lolita. A classic story saturated with derangement, romance, and fate, Lolita remains a literary force that reverberates through the American cultural consciousness.

Long before the publication of Lolita, Nabokov’s word magic caught the attention of University of Utah professor Brewster Ghiselin, who invited Nabokov to the University’s Annual Writers Conference. Nabokov accepted. His only serious concern about attending, he expressed to Ghiselin, was hygienic: “Last but not least—will I have a private bath or shower?” He and his son, Dmitri, also managed to find time during the conference to play some tennis with a member of the local literati, Wallace Stegner.

Nabokov’s first and perhaps more meaningful visit to Utah, however, came very early in his American career. His publisher, James Laughlin, owned the Alta Lodge in the Wasatch mountains. Nabokov asked Laughlin if he could stay at the hotel, which was largely empty due to the war.

Vladimir Nabokov with University of Utah students in 1949.
Photograph courtesy Special Collections, University of Utah Marriott Library.

In June 1943 Vladimir was able to indulge the passion that occupied him as much as writing: butterfly collecting. Nabokov was a serious lepidopterist and worked during this period at the Harvard Entomological Museum. At Alta he roamed what he called “the tapering lines of firs on the slopes amid a grayish green haze of aspens” in search of rare winged species. According to biographer Brian Boyd:

For Nabokov, Utah was a fortunate choice: one of the few states in which little butterfly collecting had been done, and with mountain ranges isolated by deserts and therefore likely to have evolved new species. Despite a severe climate with icy winds and noisy thunderstorms, he would walk along the valleys and mountain slopes, whenever the sun came out, from twelve to eighteen miles a day, clad only in shorts and tennis shoes, offering a generous target for gadflies. He wanted to rediscover the haunts of Melissa Annetta, a long-lost subspecies of the Lycaeides genus that he had been working on the previous winter, and with the help of nine-year-old Dmitri, he found it on lupine among firs on both sides of the Little Cottonwood River, not far from Alta.

Vladimir Nabokov in Salt Lake City with son, Dimitri, and wife, Véra.

A Gun For Sale: Mormons and Mohammedans

 I am LDS, so it is rather fun to come across unexpected references to Mormons in unrelated books.

One of the pivotal scenes in A Gun For Sale, Graham Greene's 1936 novel of political assassination and revenge, is the gas practice in the streets of Nottwich.

Raven, the hare-lipped hired killer, tracks down those who double-crossed him to the town of Nottwich. Since Europe has been brought to the brink of war by his assassination of the minister of an unnamed country, military drills are taking place throughout England. This particular one allows him to evade police pursuit and take his revenge.

In the 1942 film noir classic, This Gun For Hire, the story is transposed to wartime San Francisco. The gas-mask sequence begins at 1:12:42.
 
In the book, several medical students decide to rag conchies- conscientious objectors- and everyone not wearing a gas-mask. "What they wanted were people who cared so little about their country that they wouldn't even take the trouble to put on a gas-mask."[1] After a particularly violent episode where they trash the room of a bookish colleague, the students come across a senile old woman.

Almost immediately they picked up an old woman. She didn't in the least know what it was all about. She thought it was a street collection and offered them a penny. They told her she had to come along to the hospital; they were very courteous and one offered to carry her basket; they reacted from violence to a more than usual gentility. She laughed at them. She said, 'Well I never, what you boys will think up next!' and when one took her arm and began to lead her gently up the street, she said, 'Which of you's Father Christmas?' Buddy didn't like that: it hurt his dignity: he had suddenly been feeling rather noble: 'women and children first': 'although bombs were falling all round he brought the woman safely...' He stood still and let the others go on up the street with the old woman; she was having the time of her life; she cackled and dug them in the ribs: her voice carried a long distance in the cold air. She kept on telling them to ' take off them things and play fair', and just before they turned a corner out of sight she was calling them Mormons. She meant Mohammedans, because she had an idea that Mohammedans went about with their faces covered up and had a lot of wives. An aeroplane zoomed overhead and Buddy was alone in the street with the dead and dying until Mike appeared. Mike said he had a good idea. Why not pinch the mummy in the Castle and take it to the hospital for not wearing a gas-mask?[2]

 Buddy, the medical students' ringleader, then chases after another man without a gas-mask, but this time it is Raven...




[1]Graham Greene, A Gun For Sale: An Entertainment, 1936, p. 142.

 [2]Greene, Gun For Sale, p. 146.

Franz Kafka's Personal Tragedy

Today is Franz Kafka’s 130^th birthday, and as good a reason as any to write on some of his autobiographical material. 

In 1919 he wrote a letter to his father, a letter that was never delivered. It was a brutally honest, unflinching effort to analyse and rebuild their relationship.

"You really had brought some traces of Judaism with you from the ghetto-like village community; it was not much and it dwindled a little more in the city and during your military service; but still, the impressions and memories of your youth did just about suffice for some sort of Jewish life, especially since you did not need much help of that kind, but came of robust stock and could personally scarcely be shaken by religious scruples unless they were strongly mixed with social scruples. Basically the faith that ruled your life consisted in your believing in the unconditional rightness of the opinions of a certain class of Jewish society, and hence actually, since these opinions were part and parcel of your own nature, in believing in yourself. Even in this there was still Judaism enough, but it was too little to be handed on to the child; it all dribbled away while you were passing it on. In part, it was youthful memories that could not be passed on to others; in part, it was your dreaded personality."[1]

The letter reflects Kafka's personal tragedy- his strained relationship with his father, and his feeling of alienation- but it is also emblematic of his generation's experience. Kafka himself recognised that. "The whole thing is, of course, no isolated phenomenon. It was much the same with a large section of this transitional generation of Jews, which had migrated from the still comparatively devout countryside to the cities."

From the 1870s onward, Bohemian Jews witnessed an interesting phenomenon. A significant portion of Jews from the Bohemian villages moved to Prague, set up business ventures, prospered, and integrated themselves to a large degree into Czech and German society. Their attitude towards their religion grew lax, to say the least, and children of Kafka's generation grew up with a minimal, nominal Jewish identity at best. Synagogue attendance could have been as infrequent as a few days a year. "Four days a year you went to the synagogue, where you were, to say the least, closer to the indifferent than to those who took it seriously, patiently went through the prayers as a formality, sometimes amazed me by being able to show me in the prayer book the passage that was being said at the moment..." That was the synagogue. The situation at the Kafka household was "even poorer." The only thing observed was the first Passover Seder, which, "more and more developed into a farce, with fits of hysterical laughter, admittedly under the influence of the growing children. (Why did you have to give way to that influence? Because you had brought it about.)"

Even when they attended synagogue services, it seemed to the young Kafka a "purely social event," his father going through mere motions. Kafka's father, Franz later realised, did have a genuine attachment of sorts to Judaism, but it was related to childhood nostalgia and a sense of social status more than any inherent religious meanings or values.

"It was also impossible to make a child, overacutely observant from sheer nervousness, understand that the few flimsy gestures you performed in the name of Judaism, and with an indifference in keeping with their flimsiness, could have any higher meaning. For you they had meaning as little souvenirs of earlier times, and that was why you wanted to pass them on to me, but since they no longer had any intrinsic value even for you could do this only through persuasion or threat; on the one hand, this could not be successful, and on the other, it had to make you very angry with me on account of my apparent obstinacy, since you did not recognize the weakness of your position in this."

Kafka wryly summed up the lack of a vibrant, meaningful, and spiritual experience of Judaism, when he said, "this was the religious material that was handed on to me"

Is it any wonder that Kafka then remarked, "how one could do anything better with that material than get rid of it as fast as possible."

What Kafka's loss of identity boils down to is that a scarcely observant father could not browbeat or guilt his son into accepting a faith to which the former attached so little meaning. Kafka later grew closer to his Jewish roots by the influence of a friend, Jiri Langer. Langer came from a similar background, but ran away from home to become a follower for a while of the Hasidic Rebbe of Belz. By then, however, time was running out and Kafka never entirely regained neither faith nor identity before his untimely death.

[1]Franz Kafka, Letter to His Father. http://site.douban.com/113918/widget/notes/1857805/note/183418920/

Harry Lime and a Very Human Evil

Much of the black market can be relatively innocuous. It provides ordinairy people with at least some sort of access to necessities and luxuries that they might not otherwise be able to obtain. This is particularly true of wartime and occupied economies where almost everything is in short supply.

The subject of Graham Greene's The Third Man, however, is far more nefarious than trade in bootleg sugar and tires- it is a penicilin racket. The charming rogue Harry Lime and his partners, the smarmy Baron Kurtz and the supercillious Dr. Winkler, sell the antibiotic to civilian hospitals in occupied Vienna. Only the occupying militaries have access to it, and the antibiotic is in high demand. In order to increase their profits, Harry Lime's gang dilutes the penicilin with coloured water and sand, an action which at best renders future treatment ineffective, but most often leads to amputation, derangement, or death.

"But perhaps what horrified me most was visiting the children's hospital here. They had bought some of this penicillin for use against meningitis. A number of children simply died, and a number went off their heads. You can see them now in the mental ward."[1]

 This is a cold, cynical, vile act motivated by large profits. It is sickening, it is monstrous, it is inhuman, and it is unthinkable. Or so it would seem.

 When Harry Lime is confronted at the Ferris wheel by his best friend, Rollo Martins, the following exchange ensues.

"Martins said, "Have you ever visited the children's hospital? Have you seen any of your victims?"
Harry took a look at the toy landscape below and came away from the door. "I never feel quite safe in these things," he said. He felt the back of the door with his hand, as though he were afraid that it might fly open and launch him into that iron-ribbed space. "Victims?" he asked. "Don't be melodramatic, Rollo, look down there," he went on, pointing through the window at the people moving like black flies at the base of the Wheel. "Would you really feel any pity if one of those dots stopped moving-for ever? If I said you can have twenty thousand pounds for every dot that stops, would you really, old man, tell me to keep my money-without hesitation? or would you calculate how many dots you could afford to spare? Free of income tax, old man. Free of income tax." He gave his boyish conspiratorial smile, "It's the only way to save nowadays."
"Couldn't you have stuck to tyres?"
"Like Cooler? No, I've always been ambitious. "But they can't catch me, Rollo, you'll see. I'll pop up again. You can't keep a good man down." The car swung to a standstill at the highest point of the curve and Harry turned his back and gazed out of the window. Martins thought: one good shove and I could break the glass, and he pictured the body dropping among the flies. He said, "You know the police are planning to dig up your body: what will they find?"
"Harbin," Harry replied with simplicity. He turned away from the window and said, "Look at the sky."
The car had reached the top of the Wheel and hung there motionless, while the stain of the sunset ran in streaks over the wrinkled papery sky beyond the black girders...
"I'd like to knock you through the window."
"But you won't, old man. Our quarrels never last long. You remember that fearful one in the Monaco, when we swore we were through. I'd trust you anywhere, Rollo. Kurtz tried to persuade me not to come but I know you. Then he tried to persuade me to, well, arrange an accident. He told me it would be quite easy in this car."
"Except that I'm the stronger man."
"But I've got the gun. You don't think a bullet wound would show when you hit that ground?" Again the car began to move, sailing slowly down, until the flies were midgets, were recognisable human beings. "What fools we are, Rollo, talking like this, as if I'd do that to you-or you to me." He turned his back and leant his face against the glass. One thrust… "How much do you earn a year with your Westerns, old man?"
"A thousand."
"Taxed. I earn thirty thousand free. It's the fashion. In these days, old man, nobody thinks in terms of human beings, Governments don't, so why should we? They talk of the people and the proletariat, and I talk of the mugs. It's the same thing. They have their five year plans and so have I."
"You used to be a Catholic."
"Oh, I still believe, old man. In God and Mercy and all that. I'm not hurting anybody's soul by what I do. The dead are happier dead. They don't miss much here, poor devils," he added with that odd touch of genuine pity, as the car reached the platform and the faces of the doomed-to-be-victims, the tired pleasure-hoping Sunday faces, peered in at them..."[2]

What is particularly chilling about Harry Lime is that he still cares (somewhat) about (certain) people, he feels pity, and believes in God, yet makes a very profitable living from swindling children's hospitals. Innocents die, and Harry knows. This is a very human evil, an evil that can be rationalised and made to fit- or improve- one's lifestyle. Harry isn't even exceptionally fearless or desperate, and he certainly isn't certifiably insane. What Graham Greene does best, in my opinion, is to avoid black and white thinking when it comes to people, all the while never forgetting that there clearly is both good and evil, right and wrong. Evil is scary not because it is is distant and alien, but because it occupies the same sphere as we do. It could be present in our best friends, in our lovers, or scariest thought of all- it could even be part of ourselves.

 

This post would be incomplete without the equivalent scene from the movie, though in my opinion Orson Welles' famous quip regarding Switzerland subtly changes the scene's focus.

That, however, is a different topic for a different time.

 

[1]Graham Greene, "The Third Man and The Fallen Idol," Penguin Books, 1977, p. 80-81.

 

[2]"Third Man," p. 104-107.

From Tolstoy to Twitter

It is a common phenomenon in our modern world for people to be famous for being famous. Their message and public aura inseparable from each other, their celebrity lending their opinions authority. 
As an example of such, a recent poll rated the actors Tom Hanks and Sandra Bullock as the two people most trusted by Americans.[1] Social media has vastly magnified this tendency in recent years. If the medium, as Marshal Macluhan suggested, is the message, then in this case the message is the message-bearer themselves.
The Russian-born British thinker Alexander Boot traces the roots of the phenomenon to none other than Count Leo Nikolaevitch Tolstoy.

Tolstoy was arguably the best-known personality of the early 20th century, his influence reaching such widely disparate groups as European anarchists; Russian peasents and sectarians; English writers; Zionist settlers; Indian nationalists; and Mormons.

"Another contribution Tolstoy made to modernity was his pioneering use of barely nascent mass media. Not for him the contemplative solitude of a Kant or a Nietzsche. Tolstoy consciously built up his public personality as an important part of his message to mankind, to a point where the personality became most of the message. The first color photograph taken in Russia was of him. His was the crackling voice on the first Russian phonograph record. His disheveled visage, deliberately modeled on the crude public perception of God’s appearance, flashed through the first Russian newsreels and countless films to follow.
Tolstoy’s disciples Chertkov and Biryukov presaged modern PR techniques by keeping the world’s press informed of every new twist in the great man’s life, while Tolstoy himself never turned down a media opportunity. And the world was already sufficiently corrupt not to sense the incongruity of a back-to-nature prophet ostensibly rejecting modernity, while at the same time chasing publicity wherever he could find it. Nor could the world see that great artistic talent, or indeed expertise in any area, does not automatically make its possessor an authority on everything else. Today this credulity has been pushed to its extreme.
We no longer cringe when a popular actor pontificates on the global ramifications of warm weather or when a tattooed footballer with a useful left foot tells us we “shouldn’t of went” into Iraq.
Such people are of course entitled to their opinions. But only these days do they feel entitled to an audience."[2]

 One could perhaps soften Boot's remark on a corrupt world by noting the novelty factor that such technology certainly possessed, and while Tolstoy hardly ranks among my favourite writers, I'm actually rather grateful that the scratchy old recording does exist. A voice offers me a way to connect with the past that goes beyond the images that I form from text and photographs.
Would the world have been a better place without Tolstoy's contribution? Perhaps. All that could really be said is that the world would have been a different place.




[1]http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/us-gossip/tom-hanks-named-most-trusted-1873455

[2]Alexander Boot, God and Man According to Tolstoy, 2009, p. 6. Boot's book is polemic, but it is still the most extensive treatment of Tolstoy's religious philosophy.

The Atonement as a Symbol of War's Tragedy

When I lived in Volgograd, the former Stalingrad, I was able twice to visit the war memorial at Mamaev Kurgan. This hill was one of the key bastions in the defence mounted by a city that would not die. Thousands left their lives on the hill's slopes. Films like "Enemy at the Gates" can never come even close to conveying the horror of a city of ruins carpeted by red snow- red from mixing with blood and gore. As just one account, the aunt of a friend was in her mid-twenties when sent to clean up the city. Her hair went completely white with shock.

Though there are many sculptures on Mamaev Kurgan- from heroic soldiers to the enormous Motherland modelled after the Nike of Samothrace- I found none as moving as the depiction of a mother cradling a dead son in her arms.

The idea was a bold one for a Soviet sculptor, as it comes from a traditional Christian genre- the Pietà. A Pietà typically depicts the Virgin Mary holding her son the Christ after He was taken down from the cross. It is a powerful expression of grief which allows one to remember that Christ was human, too. He had family and He had friends. These were real relationships, that cannot be emphasised enough. Yes, He rose triumphantly from the the tomb on the third day, but His death must have shattered His mother's heart.

This is not the first time that Christ's atonement has been used to symbolise the tragedy and devastation that is war. Aleksei Nikolaevich Tolstoy entitled his trilogy of novels depicting the destruction of the old Russian intelligencia in the civil war Khozhdenie Po Mukam, the Russian equivalent of the Latin term Via Dolorosa. This Path of Suffering is the one traversed by Christ whilst He carried the cross.

In English literature we find the atonement used in Kipling's poem, Gethsemane.

The Garden called Gethsemane
  In Picardy it was,
And there the people came to see
  The English soldiers pass.
We used to pass - we used to pass
  Or halt, as it might be,
And ship our masks in case of gas
  Beyond Gethsemane.

The Garden called Gethsemane,
  It held a pretty lass,
But all the time she talked to me
  I prayed my cup might pass.
The officer sat on the chair,
  The men lay on the grass,
And all the time we halted there
  I prayed my cup might pass.

It didn't pass - it didn't pass
  It didn't pass from me.
I drank it when we met the gas
  Beyond Gethsemane!

Gas was a new horror on the battlefields of the First World War. You could never be quite sure as to where it had fallen, and it could remain stuck to clothing and other items for hours. If your skin became exposed to gas, it would burn and blister horribly, and worse, if it reached your eyes!
My own brief exposure to mustard gas came during my service as a conscript in the IDF. We had to undergo chemical warfare training, involving us entering a small building sprayed with gas. We had to remain there a few seconds before we could don our masks. My experience did not last long at all, and were cleaned up right away, but I'll never forget how sick I felt the remainder of the day, how my skin itched and my eyes burned. It was then that I remembered this poem.
Gas was the cross upon which Kipling's soldiers were crucified. It was the horror that they could not be spared.









In 1918, Kipling lost his son, Jack, at Loos. The body was never found during Kipling's lifetime. A few years after the war, Kipling wrote what I consider his masterpiece- The Gardner.

Helen Turrell raised her nephew, Michael, by herself, until he was called up to the front and killed. When at last his grave has been discovered, she travels to visit it.

"Next morning Mrs Scarsworth left early on her round of commissions, and Helen walked alone to Hagenzeele Third. The place was still in the making, and stood some five or six feet above the metalled road, which it flanked for hundreds of yards. Culverts across a deep ditch served for entrances through the unfinished boundary wall. She climbed a few woodenfaced earthen steps and then met the entire crowded level of the thing in one held breath. She did not know that Hagenzeele Third counted twenty-one thousand dead already. All she saw was a merciless sea of black crosses, bearing little strips of stamped tin at all angles across their faces. She could distinguish no order or arrangement in their mass; nothing but a waist-high wilderness as of weeds stricken dead, rushing at her. She went forward, moved to the left and the right hopelessly, wondering by what guidance she should ever come to her own. A great distance away there was a line of whiteness. It proved to be a block of some two or three hundred graves whose headstones had already been set, whose flowers were planted out, and whose new-sown grass showed green. Here she could see clear-cut letters at the ends of the rows, and, referring to her slip, realized that it was not here she must look.

A man knelt behind a line of headstones - evidently a gardener, for he was firming a young plant in the soft earth. She went towards him, her paper in her hand. He rose at her approach and without prelude or salutation asked: "Who are you looking for?"

"Lieutenant Michael Turrell - my nephew", said Helen slowly and word for word, as she had many thousands of times in her life.

The man lifted his eyes and looked at her with infinite compassion before he turned from the fresh-sown grass toward the naked black crosses.

"Come with me", he said, "and I will show you where your son lies."

When Helen left the Cemetery she turned for a last look. In the distance she saw the man bending over his young plants; and she went away, supposing him to be the gardener."

The imagery is that of the Gospels, when Mary Magdalene mistakes the risen Christ for the gardner.
Helen Turrell's miracle differs from Mary Magdalene's. There is no empty tomb, the graves are depressingly full, and her illegitimate son has not returned to life, but she has found a miracle nonetheless. The gardner revealed the hidden truth that had crippled her for years, and revealed it gently, out of pure compassion. For once in her life she did not need to pretend, did not need to distance herself, but could give free expression to her sorrow. She could be a mother, not an aunt. This is why she leaves the cemetery believing the man to be Christ.
When combined with love, truth sets us free.

While at first glance the atonement doesn't to have much to do with war, God's greatest suffering and tragedy is a powerful symbol giving expression to the horror and sorrow caused by war.